独立主格结构
独立(主格)结构顾名思义是一种独立于主句之外(不受主句限制或影响)的结构。它由两部分组成。前一部分是名词(或代词), 后一部分是现在分词或过去分词(还可以是介词短语、形容词、副词等)。前一部分的名词(或代词)为独立结构的逻辑主语。独立主格结构在句中充当状语成分,用于表示条件、原因,伴随动作或方式等。独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开,与主句之间不使用连接词。下面详述各种独立结构。
1. 名词(代词) + 现在分词
All things being equal, we should finish the job tomorrow. 如果条件保持不变,我们明天应该能完成工作。(独立结构表条件)
All the tickets having been sold out, we had to wait for the next week's show. 因为所有的票都卖出去了,我们只好等着看下周的演出。(独立结构表原因) (注:这里 having been sold out 为现在分词的完成时态)
2. 名词(代词) + 过去分词
The duty completed, he had three months' leave. 任务完成后,他休了三个月的假。
Everything considered, it is possible for us to get there in time. 一切因素考虑在内,我们及时到达那里是可能的。
3. 名词(代词) + 介词短语
He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他走出了图书馆, 胳膊夹着本厚书。
She is doing her homework, her feet on the bench. 她正在做作业,双脚挂在长凳上。
4. 名词(代词) + 形容词
A young lady was coming toward me, her figure long and slim. 一位年轻的姑娘向我走来,她身材颀长纤细。
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 因为有这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
5. 名词(代词) + 副词
The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束,他们就都回家了。
The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。独立主格结构与状语从句:
独立主格结构所要表达的意思与状语从句相似,可以看成是状语从句的一种简洁表达方式,所以其意思也可以用完整的状语从句来表述。例如:
Weather permitting, we'll go out for a picnic tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,我们明天将去野餐。
这句话表达的意思相等于If weather permit, we'll go out for a picnic tomorrow.
又如:
Autumn coming on, the trees turned yellow. 秋天来了,树叶变黄了。
这句话表达的意思相等于 As autumn come, the trees turned yellow.
在使用上,注意独立主格结构一般用于书面语,尤其是在描述性语言中,在口语和非正式文体中,一般用从句或两个句子来代替。